"If Mobile
Phones Were a Type of Food, They Simply Would Not be Licensed"
This statement was
not uttered by some uneducated anti-technology activist, but rather
was written by British physicist Dr. Gerald Hyland and was printed
in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet.
A recent issue of the
journal published 2 papers on the subject of cell phone safety,
as well as an accompanying editorial. The editorial, written by
Philip P. Dendy of Cambridge, UK, and entitled "Mobile phones
and the illusory pursuit of safety" puts the 'safety' issue
into perspective:
The deceptively simple
question, much loved by television and radio interviewers, "Is
it safe?" is the scientist's banana skin. A Nobel prize awaits
the person who first designs an experiment to show that anything
is "safe".
In the light of experience
with ionizing radiation and radioactive materials, out-of-hand
dismissal of the possibility of subtle effects of low-intensity,
pulsed, microwave radiation is most unwise.
Early in the 20th century
radon and radium-enriched spa waters were "recommended"
for a wide range of aches and minor ailments. As knowledge of
the harmful effects of ionizing radiation has increased and quantitative
risk estimates have become possible (notwithstanding rather large
error bands), the permitted annual dose limit has been progressively
reduced from the 1930s to the present day.
Dr. Hyland writes an
excellent paper, covering the possible mechanisms by which mobile
phones, or cell phones, may cause adverse effects in people. Below
are some exerpts from his paper, entitled "Physics and Biology
of Mobile Telephony":
... there is evidence
that the low intensity, pulsed radiation currently used can exert
subtle non-thermal influences. If these influences entail adverse
health consequences, current guidelines would be inadequate.This
review will focus on this possibility.
The radiation used
is indeed of very low intensity, but an oscillatory similitude
between this pulsed microwave radiation and certain electrochemical
activities of the living human being should prompt concern. ...
there are consistencies between some of these effects and the
neurological problems reported by some mobile-telephone users
and people exposed longterm to base-station radiation.
The Stewart Report
(1), published in May, 2000, makes some
sensible recommendations, but unfortunately some of its greyer
areas are now being exploited by the industry to obfuscate the
issue.
As yet unresolved is
the question of adverse health impacts provoked by the contentious
non-thermal effects of the low intensity, pulsed microwave radiation
(MWR) used. For these effects are not taken into account in current
safety guidelines (2), which simply restrict
the intensity of the radiation to prevent tissue heating in excess
of what the body's thermoregulatory mechanism can cope with ...
.in the case of living systems (and only living ones) there are
many reports over the past 30 years that MWR can exert non-thermal
influences, at intensities well below those necessary to cause
any detectable heating (3).
The purpose of this
review is to introduce clinicians to the physics of mobile telephony
and to explain how low-intensity, pulsed microwaves can affect
living organisms, both thermally and non-thermally; and then to
identify some of the reported biological impacts of exposure to
this radiation, particularly those provoked by the contentious
non-thermal effects.
Physics of
Mobile Telephony
A base-station antenna
typically radiates 60 W and a handset between 1 and 2 W (peak).
The antenna of a handset radiates equally in all directions but
a base-station produces a beam that is much more directional.
In addition, the stations have subsidiary beams called side-lobes,
into which a small fraction of the emitted power is channelled.
Unlike the mean beam, these side-lobes are localized in the immediate
vicinity of the mast, and, despite their low power, the power
density can be comparable with that of the main beam much further
away from the mast. At 150-200 m, for example, the power density
in the main beam near ground level is typically tenths of a µW/cm
(2).
A handset that is in
operation also has a low-frequency magnetic field (EMF) associated,
not with the emitted microwaves, but with surges of electric current
from the battery that are necessary to implement "time division
multiple access" (TDMA), the system currently used to increase
the number of people who can simultaneously communicate with a
base-station. With handsets that have an energy-saving discontinuous
transmission mode (DTX), there is an even lower frequency pulsing
at 2 Hz, which occurs when the user is listening but not speaking.
Biological
Impacts: Thermal
Heating of biological
tissue is a consequence of microwave energy absorption by the
tissue's water content. The amount of heating produced in a living
organism depends primarily on the intensity (or power density)
of the radiation once it has penetrated the system, on certain
electrical properties of the biomatter, and on the efficiency
of the body's thermoregulation mechanism.
Above a certain intensity
of the microwaves, temperature homoeostasis is not maintained,
and effects on health ensue once the temperature rise exceeds
about 1°C. Safety guidelines impose upper limits on the radiation
intensity to ensure that this does not happen.
Heating occurs whether
the organism is alive or dead. The frequency of the radiation,
as opposed to the intensity, is taken into account only in so
far as it affects (via size resonance) the ability of the organism
to absorb energy from the irradiating field.
Amongst the most thermally
vulnerable areas of the body (2), because
of their low blood supply, are the eyes and the testes, and cataract
formation and reduced sperm counts are well-documented acute exposure
hazards.
Animal studies indicate
that a variety of behavioral and physiological disorders can be
provoked by temperature rises below 1°C -- ie, under much
less acute exposure conditions ... there are reports of adverse
health effects of subthermal intensities, the possible origin
of which will now be considered.
Biological
Effects: Non-Thermal
The possibility that
the pulsed, low-intensity MWR currently used in GSM mobile telephony
can exert subtle, non-thermal influences on a living organism
arises because microwaves are waves; they have properties other
than the intensity that is regulated by safety guidelines. This
microwave radiation has certain well-defined frequencies, which
facilitate its discernment by a living organism (despite its ultralow
intensity), and via which the organism can, in turn, be affected.
The human body is an
electrochemical instrument of exquisite sensitivity whose orderly
functioning and control are underpinned (6)
by oscillatory electrical processes of various kinds, each characterised
by a specific frequency, some of which happen to be close to those
used in GSM. Thus some endogenous biological electrical activities
can be interfered with via oscillatory aspects of the incoming
radiation, in much the same way as can the reception on a radio.
The biological electrical
activities that are vulnerable to interference from GSM radiation
include highly organised electrical activities at a cellular level
whose frequency happens to lie in the microwave region, and which
are a consequence of metabolism.7 Although not universally accepted,
there is experimental evidence7-9 consistent with these endogenous
activities, in terms of which effects of ultralow-intensity microwave
radiation of a specific frequency on processes as fundamental
as cell division, for example, can be understood in a rather natural
way.10
Furthermore, the DTX
pulse frequency at 2 Hz and the TDMA frequency of 834 Hz correspond
to frequencies of electrical oscillations found in the human brain,
specifically the delta and alpha brain-waves, respectively. It
is thus quite possible that living organisms have a two-fold sensitivity
to the pulsed GSM signal -- ie, to both the microwave carrier
and the lower frequency pulsings of the TDMA and DTX signals.
To deny this possibility
yet admit the importance of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility
with electronic instruments by banning the use of mobile phones
on aircraft (11) and hospitals (a prohibition
driven by concerns about non-thermal interference) seems inconsistent.
The intensity of radiation
needed for this recognition is many orders of magnitude below
even that currently associated with non-thermal effects. This
influence is possible only when the organism is alive, with excited
endogenous frequencies; the dead have flat electroencephalograms.
Non-thermal effects
thus depend on the state of the person when exposed to the radiation
-- ie, non-thermal effects are non-linear. A low-intensity field
can entail a seemingly disproportionately large response (or none
at all), and vice versa, quite unlike the predictable thermal
responses. Thus not everyone can be expected to be affected in
the same way by identical exposure to the same radiation.
A good example of human
vulnerability to a non-thermal,electromagnetic influence is the
ability of a light flashing at about 15 Hz to induce seizures
in people with photosensitive epilepsy (12).
It is not so much the amount of energy absorbed from the light
that provokes the seizure, but rather the information transmitted
to the brain by the (coherent) regularity of its flashing, at
a frequency that the brain "recognises" because it matches
or is close to a frequency utilised by the brain itself.
What do we know experimentally
about non-thermal biological influences of MWR (both pulsed and
continuous) of an intensity close to that near a mobile phone
handset, but often at higher microwave carrier frequencies? A
selection of in vitro studies is given in panel 1.
Panel 1: Selected
in vitro studies of non-thermal effects of microwave radiation
of various frequencies and intensities
Effect
|
Reference |
Epileptic activity
in rat brain slices in conjunction with certain drugs |
13 |
Resonant effects
on cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and on the genome
conformation of Escherichia coli |
9, 14 |
Synchronisation
of cell division in S carlsbergenis |
15 |
"Switch-on"
of epigenetic processes, such as -phage and colicin synthesis |
16, 17 |
Altered ornithine
decarboxylase activity |
18 |
Reduced lymphocyte
cytotoxicity |
19 |
Increased permeability
of erythrocyte membrane |
20 |
Effects on brain
electrochemistry (calcium efflux) |
21 |
Increase in chromosome
aberrations and micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes |
22 |
Synergism
with cancer-promoting drugs such as phorbol ester |
23 |
In
vivo evidence of non-thermal influences, including exposure to
actual GSM radiation, comes predominantly from animal studies
(panel 2).
Panel 2: Selected
in vivo studies of non-thermal microwave exposure, including GSM
radiation
Effect
|
Reference
|
Epileptiform activity
in rats, in conjunction with certain drugs |
24 |
Depression of
chicken immune systems (melatonin, corticosterone and IgG
levels) |
25 |
Increase in chick
embryo mortality |
25 |
Increased permeability
of blood-brain barrier in rats |
26 |
Effects on brain
electrochemistry (dopamine, opiates) |
27 |
Increases in DNA
single and double strand breaks in rat brain |
28 |
Promotion of lymphomas
in transgenic mice |
29 |
Synergistic effects
with certain psychoactive drugs |
30 |
Finally, human in vivo
studies, under GSM or similar conditions, include effects on the
EEG and on blood pressure. A delayed increase in spectral power
density (particularly in the alpha band) has been corroborated
(31) in the "awake" EEG of adults
exposed to GSM radiation. Influences on the "alseep"
EEG include a shortening of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep during
which the power density in the alpha band increases
(32), and effects on non-REM sleep (33). Exposure to mobile
phone radiation also decreases the preparatory slow potentials
in certain regions of the brain (34) and
affects memory tasks (35). In 1998, Braune
et al (36) recorded increases in resting
blood pressure during exposure to radiofrequencies.
Non-thermal effects
have proved controversial, and independent attempts to replicate
them have not always been successful. Such difficulties are not
unexpected, however, because these effects depend on the state
of the organism when it is exposed, particularly in vivo.
Possible Associated
Adverse Health Reactions
... GSM radiation does
seem to affect non-thermally a variety of brain functions (including
the neuroendocrine system), and health problems reported anecdotally
do tend to be neurological, although formal confirmation of such
reports, based on epidemiological studies, is still lacking.
For example:
- reports of headache
are consistent with the effect of the radiation on the dopamine-opiate
system of the brain (27) and
- the permeability
of the blood-brain barrier (26), both
of which have been connected to headache (40,41).
- Reports of sleep
disruption are consistent with effects of the radiation on melatonin
levels (25) and
- on rapid-eye-movement
sleep (32).
Furthermore, since
there is no reason to suppose that the seizure-inducing ability
(12) of a flashing visible light does not
extend to microwave radiation (which can access the brain through
the skull) flashing at a similarly low frequency, together with
the fact that exposure to pulsed MWR can induce epileptic activity
in rats (24), reports of epileptic activity
in some children exposed to base-station radiation are perhaps
not surprising.
Finally, the significant
increase (by a factor of between 2 and 3) in the incidence of
neuroepithelial tumours (the laterality of which correlates with
cell-phone use) found in a nationwide US study (42)
is consistent not only with the genotoxicity of GSM radiation,
as indicated by increased DNA strand breaks (28)
and formation of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei but also
with its promotional effect on tumour development (43).
... it cannot be denied
that non-thermal effects of the MWR used in mobile telephony do
have the potential to induce adverse health reactions of the kind
reported, and this possibility should not be ignored even if only
a small minority of people are at risk.
Whether a person is
affected or not could depend, for example, on the level of stress
before exposure; if it is high enough, the additional contribution
from MWR exposure might be sufficient to trigger an abnormality
that would otherwise have remained latent.
It is often argued
that anecdotal reports of health problems should be dismissed.
However, given the paucity of systematic epidemiological studies
of this new technology, such reports are an indispensable source
of information, a point acknowledged in the 1999 report of the
UK parliamentary committee (44).
Preadolescent children
can be expected to be more vulnerable to any adverse health effects
than adults because absorption of GSM microwaves is greatest (5)
in an object about the size of a child's head, because of the
"head resonance" effect and the greater ease with which
the radiation can penetrate the thinner skull of an infant (1).
Also the multiframe
repetition frequency of 834 Hz and the 2 Hz pulsing in the DTX
mode of cellphones lie in the range of the alpha and delta brain-waves,
respectively.
In a child, alpha waves
do not replace delta waves as a stable activity until the age
of about 12 years. Furthermore, the immune system, whose efficacy
is degraded (19,25) by this kind of radiation,
is less robust in children.
This makes them less
able to cope with any adverse health effect that might be provoked
by chronic exposure, not only to the pulsed microwave radiation
but also to the the more penetrating low-frequency magnetic fields
associated with the current surges from the handset battery which
can reach 40 µT (peak) near the back of the case (45).
Indications of the biological noxiousness of these magnetic fields
(in animals) can be found in ref 25.
In the context of base-station
radiation, reports relating to animals are of particular value
since it cannot here be claimed that the effects are psychosomatic.
Of particular interest is a publication on cattle (43),
recording severely reduced milk yields, emaciation, spontaneous
abortions, and stillbirths. When cattle are removed to pastures
well away from the mast, their condition improves, but it deteriorates
once they are brought back. The adverse effects appeared only
after GSM microwave antennae were installed on a tower formerly
used to transmit only non-pulsed television and radio signals.
Finally, in support
of the reality of an adverse health impact of non-thermal influences
of the kind of radiation used today in mobile telephony, we should
recall that during the "cold war" the Soviet irradiation
of western embassies with microwave radiation (of an intensity
intermediate between that in the vicinity of a handset and a base-station),
done with the express intention of inducing adverse health effects,
was quite successful (47).
The references to this
excellent review by Dr. Hyland are given below.
Risks on the
Road
In a separate Lancet
report, Massachusetts scientist Dr. Kenneth Rothman said his research
indicated the main public health concern was motor vehicle collisions
rather than any possible link to brain cancer.
He notes that one study
found that the risk of a car accident was 4 times greater when
the driver was using the telephone or soon after a call and that
heavy mobile users were involved in twice as many fatal road accidents
than light users.
In addition, use of
'hands-free' units was no less risky than holding the telephone
to the ear with one hand while talking.
The Lancet, November
25, 2000; 356: 1833-36, 1837-40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More Bad News
for Hands Free Mobile Phones
Many people concerned
with possible adverse health effects, including myself, have recommended
the use of "Hands Free" units as a way to greatly reduce
the microwave exposure. However, as we reported several weeks
ago this may not necessarily be any safer.
Now, upon further review
of the safety evidence, including the results of tests conducted
by the British Consumers Association and published in their magazine
Which? the British government has decided to withdraw its recommendation
that mobile phone users switch to handsfree units.
In addition, they plan
to start issuing leaflets warning buyers of the unknown, but potentially
harmful impact of mobile phone usage by children, according to
a report in Newsbytes.com.
The warnings follow
the British government's continuing funding of tests into the
effects of mobile phone radio frequency (RF) radiation on the
soft tissue of the brain and head.
Liam Donaldson, the
UK's chief medical officer, said that the government's decision
to remove the health approval on handsfree kits followed a number
of investigations that claim handsfree devices may even channel
radiation to the users head. "We don't have good enough science
so far to say definitely one way or the other," he said,
adding that further research is being conducted urgently to provide
an answer to the question.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information
regarding the safety of cell phones go to EMFacts Consultancy's
Mobile Phone Health Hazard's page which is likely the best compilation
of data on the mobile phone issue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr. Mercola's
Comment:
This is the most comprehensive
detailed and well referenced report on cell phone dangers I have
yet to see.
Cell phones are becoming
increasingly popular, yet most are absolutely blinded to the damage
they are doing to their brains by exposing themselves to this
radiation. Even the conservative British journal The Lancet is
warning that the dangers from this radiation can NOT be dismissed.
My recommendation?
Keep the use down to as low as possible (my use is less than five
minutes per YEAR). Let's keep those brain cells alive!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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